Height (mm) 980. such as the Wirtgen WR2500 recycler or the new Wirtgen 2200CR cold recycler. Get Price. This type of liquid bitumen comprises a penetration grade bitumen and a petroleum based solvent. About this item The Awatex RBE3500 Anti Bacterial Cold Bitumen is a type of bituminous coating that is designed to provide protection against bacterial growth and corrosion on various surfaces. Use to fix roads, driveways, residential streets, car parks, bicycle paths, foot paths, DIY and more. • Coverage of approximately 5m² per litre for non-porous surfaces • Solvent-based paint suitable for exterior use only • Not suitable for drinking water tanks • Hazard safety codes Xn, F, R10, R20, R21, R22, R40, R51/53, R65/R66/67. Bituminous roofing. Anionic Bitumen Emulsion is 3117 ₹ 5,800/ Drum. Contact Supplier. Reviews. 80 drums of this type can fill a 20 foot container which eventually weighs about 15. We supply our materials for. 100% buyer. K140 is a rapid setting Cationic Bitumen Emulsion complying with BS EN: 13808:2013. Alcolin Membrane Torch-On Permo-Torch HP 10m x 1m C00201. Anionic Stable Mix 60% – 17 litres. Abstract. , asphalt Leitfaden, Temperaturabgesenkte Asphalte (Asphalt Guide, Low-Temperature Asphalts – published by the German Asphalt Association) 30 ° C temperature reduction* 87. ₹ 190 / ltr. Get Latest Price Request a quote. Cold Lamination HVAC. Black Jack Roof Felt Adhesive is best brushed or mop applied and left 'open' for 15 to 30. 1. Oxiprime SB D41. My SAMI App. Description: Gripset 51 from our Gripset Pavement Range is a liquid bitumen rubber membrane, perfect for both underground and external use. 2020 Print Date 30. A sample of bitumen 30/40 has a penetration of between 30 to 40 mm. As a high quality Bitumen Rubber membrane, this product can simply be diluted with water on a 1:1 ratio to form a cost effective quality Bitumen Paint for use in areas where a membrane is not required, making this the smart choice as a 2 in 1 product for trade and general applications. HP Asphalt Cold Patch comes pre-mixed and can be applied in all weather conditions and climates for asphalt repairs,. 2. Dust Suppression. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the selected bitumen emulsion which complies with the microsurfacing performance guideline from the International Slurry Surfacing Association []. The basic purpose of picking asphalt binders using the PG method is to guarantee that the binder has suitable environmental conditions. 4 Ton Premix Cold Asphalt -(160 x 25Kg Bags) on Pallets. Coverage: The coverage per litre is dependent upon the porosity of the surface:- Metal surfaces: 6-12m² per litre Concrete: 6-8m² per litre Lightweight concrete screeds and asbestos cement: 3. Australian made products. Additionally, Roadsaver has a shelf-life of more than 12 months dependent on storage conditions. Gripset B09 is a cold applied bituminous surface treatment designed to rejuvenate oxidised substrates by replenishing the binder content in the asphalt layer. PG asphalt binders are set to meet predicted climatic situations plus traffic rush and volume adjustments. Temp ºC. Bitumen. Testimonials. £24. Packaging Size. Cold Bitumen 15Ltr Polycoat Cold Bitumen 140 Kg Easybit. Substrate Roads and kerbs Technical Data Sheet Colours White, Black, red and Yellow. Bitumen Calculation. BIS had standardised the equipment and test procedure. Asian Paints Berger SmartCare Bitushield Emulsion is an advanced water-based, acrylic-emulsion paint with superior water-proofing and UV protection properties. 180 kg Bitumen Drum. Reviews. 98 £ 15. Gravities of Bitumen - Gravities of Bitumens at 25oC. PRODUCT NAME: 115/15 Blown Bitumen UN No. View all. 60-70%. Bitumen 60/70. Contact Us. Bitumen Products. Back to: Water Proofing. Specification. View Mobile Number Call +91-8048600504. 25kg Oxidised Bitumen 85/25. We benefit from a great source of reliable market. Tar Felt Water Proofing Services. Asbestos Free, Odorless And Can Be Applied In Closed Or Confined Spaces. a. Table 1. 00. 40. , between 8% and 15%, was achieved with the content of reclaimed asphalt pavement between 40% and 60%. 3- In Iran, the new price of VB has been released with an increase of more than 6%. Cold-mix bituminous materials provide an increasingly valuable means to reduce the environmental impact of road construction. Bitumen is the heaviest material obtained from the fractional distillation process of crude oil. Liquid 10/20 Penetration Grade Bitumen Emulsion, For Road. Add to Cart. Liquid Bitumen product price in India ranges from 100 to 43,000 INR and minimum order requirements from 1 to 10,000. Bituminous membranes are perfect for waterproofing roofs, basements, below-ground structures, bridges and other structures. K140 is cold applied and when laid it gives an adhesive bond between an existing surface and any bituminous overlay. High quality and durable roofing materials available for. Packaging Size: 20 kgs, 5 kgs, 1 kgs, 1/2 kgs. Bituminous Waterproofing Membranes. PreCoating Fluids. Crusher dust – 2 x 25 litres. 82 Each. Rhino Bitumen Pressure Distributor, Capacity: 4000. BITUMAT CONCRETE PRIMER is a cold applied, general purpose roofing primer formulated with highly pliable, flexible. Oxidized bitumen 115/15 is based on petroleum bitumen which is made by blowing bitumen 60/70 by hot air. Ruo and 0. RAC Products Rubber Insulation Canvas Cloth Copper Coil Aluminium Cladding Sheet Foster Coating Adhesive and Sealant. 00. Get Price. Generally speaking, IOCL bitumen price , BPCL bitumen Price , HPCL bitumen price. Europroof WB 403-Bitumen Emulsion (200Kg/Drum) Brand: Eurobuild Packing: 200 kg . Up to 10 m² per litre on smooth steel. Stir thoroughly before use. supporting 10 different tank shapes. S. Here, the Density of Asphalt is taken as 2400 kg/m3. With over 100 years’ experience, Shell Bitumen is the world’s leading supplier of bitumen. liters = 5 kg ÷ 0. Water base cold bitumen primer. Get Bitumen at best price from Bitumen Retailers, sellers, traders, exporters & wholesalers listed at ExportersIndia. Login to save for later. Get it Friday, 17 Nov. ₹ 56,000/ Ton. ₹ 51/ Kilogram. With excellent water resistance and sealing properties, Gripset B26 is flexible and fast drying enabling. Cold Bitumen / Catonic / Emulsion Sprayer ₹ 2,25,000. 15 – 0. Shop our wide range of asphalt and bitumen at warehouse prices from quality brands. South African Retail Queries: Telephone: +27 (0) 860 335 444. Contact Supplier. SAMI (Morocco, Linkedin) SAMI EME2 Presentation WA. Compare. 00. 15 mm 780 L/M | 25 mm 280 L/M 32 mm 190 L/M. Tank capacity calculator for on oil tank, water tank, etc. Find here Bitumen Pressure Distributor, Bitumen Pressure Distributor Machine manufacturers, suppliers & exporters in India. The diameter of the nanosilica used for this research was 15 ± 3 nm. Apply the coating at a coverage rate of 1-4 m2/L. 96. 01. SAMI (Morocco, Linkedin). 524570SikaTite-BE is a water based bitumen emulsion modified with acrylic latex polymers. Production Process. Note that rounding errors may occur,. Safe to use and apply, this water based bituminous emulsion. Cold bitumen emulsion mix (CBEM) is an emerging sustainable material for constructing the base or surface layer of flexible pavements, reducing energy consumption and global warming effects compared to hot mix asphalt. Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. 22 Aug 2010. Get Quote. Our company is a sole proprietorship based firm, located at Howrah, West Bengal (India). H. Bituminous binders for the Road Construction Industry. , 2007; Alkins et al. Bitumen emulsion paint. Drum bitumen capacity ranges from 150 Kg to 200 Kg. News. 99. Gravities of Bitumen - Gravities of Bitumens at 25oC. 1. 6 mm thickness to 1. 05 and 56, respectively. The capacity of this drum is 210 kg (± 2kg) of pure bitumen. Its residual bitumen content was 60% and its designation was C60B10 (EN 13808 []). com Subject: Product Data Sheet Keywords: Sika® Bitumen 020706040010000051 SOLVENT-BASED BITUMINOUS COATING FOR PERMANENT PROTECTION OF CONCRETE. Get Quote. 10-15 Liters ₹ 90/Litre. Anionic Stable Mix 60% – 17 litres. . An asphalt emulsion is a combination of asphalt binder (asphalt cement), water, and a very small amount of emulsifying agent (normally less than 1 percent). On request the equipment can be fitted with GRÜN automatic. The use of cutback bitumen RC:70 as per IS:217 shall be restricted only for sites at sub-zero temperatures or for emergency applications as directed by the Engineer. Bitumen Penetration Grade 80/100 is a standard penetration grade Bitumen usually used as a Paving Grade Bitumen suitable for road construction and for the production of asphalt pavements with superior properties. 2020 100000011153 1/9. Recipe (example): 50 percent by weight fine grit 5/8 35 percent by weight fine grit 2/5 15% by weight washed crushed sand 0/2 100 percent by weight mineral + 6. Foamed asphalt mixture An alternative cold process uses foamed asphalt as a binder in to manufacture CMA. The current average market price of Cold Bitumen is Rs 15/ Unit. Bitumen 115/15. (12) $37 . TrustSEAL Verified. The result is a durable flexible membrane for all water proofing applications. Perfect Engineers. We supply enough bitumen to help resurface 500 km of road every day; that’s enough to travel around the world 4. Cold applied bitumen emulsion All surfaces to which weberdry bitumen is applied must be sound, stable with an even finish and free from dirt, dust, loose debris,. Drum ** Also available in 15 ltr drum by the name. 50 to £66. 004803128204392. Description reviews BUSTAN COLD BITUMEN is a thixotropic cold applied bitumen emulsion. Asphalt Black Bitumen Paint, Packaging Type: Drum, Grade Standard: Industrial Grade. 00 ZAR R 2,960. Also find Bituminous Coatings price list | ID: 23758570497The binder used for tack coat shall be either Cationic bitumen emulsion (RS 1) complying with IS:8887 or suitable low viscosity paving bitumen of VG 10 grade conforming to IS:73. Landscaping Products and Soil Stabiliser Aids, Delivered to your door. CONCRETE PRIMER -. Get Price. Add to basket. Anti Corrosive Black Japan Bitumen Paint. PRIMAT bitumen boilers 150 and 250. The bare bitumen properties are listed in Table 1 as well as the code for the test method. -a): the samples are supposed dry after around 15 days, while samples from group B (Fig. Up to 10 m² per litre on smooth steel. 10-15 m²/litre. DN14 OGH Tel: 01977 663 133DryFix 3000 Self Adhesive Bitumen Tanking Membrane is a cold applied, heavy duty and robust below ground waterproofing membrane. Contact Supplier. However, it should not be applied on waterlogged or flowing water areas. Foamed-bitumen technology allows the treatment and processing of cold or damp construction materials, produced during the milling process, with ordinary penetration. 03. BENEFITS: provides an effective waterproof, weatherproof, corrosion resistant protective coating. Cold Mix Bitumen Emulsion ₹ 27/ Kilogram. A. RANSPOXY-PMR250 High Grade Water Base Epoxy Primer. 71. 05 to 0. Usage/Application: Coating on Roofs. 50 MT: ≈ 19. The calculator uses conventional hot mix asphalt density. Alcolin Bitumen Waterproofing Paint 5l. The sealant bonds with. 08 Kilograms : Item model number EVB90401 : Size 1L : Colour. The use of softer AC-10 grade is suited for the cold climate and is unacceptable for India, since it is very soft and will simply increase the potential for rutting under heavy. The bitumen extracted from the Nigerian tar sand is suitable as straight run bitumen and production of bituminous cold patch road mats at relatively cheaper cost than the BRP. Find here online price details of companies selling Bitumen Extractor. Cold applied for crack repairs to asphalt and bitumen surfaces. Fact Sheet – Warm Mix Asphalt Applied at lower temperatures than traditional hot mix! hot_mix-asphalt: Fact Sheet – EverLife. The use of Tack Coat is recommended. ACRY/SCRIM/15: Acrypol Scrim: 15cm x 20mtr: 5: ACRY/SEALC/5: Acrypol Sealer as8000 Clear: 5 ltr. Water based, free of solvents and toxins Excellent waterproofing properties CanFoamed bitumen is produced by injecting small quantity of water and compressed air into hot bitumen in an expansion chamber. Our forte includes . Whereas, 53 pen andCold Mix Asphalt applications and facts: Suitable for temporary crack sealing that can even be used on the wet surface. Bitumen Emulsion 115/15 : Bitumen Emulsion 135/10 Form : Liquid Bitumen Emulsion 90/15 : Bitumen Emulsion 85/25 Country of Origin : India What is Bitumen Emulsion? Bitumen Emulsion is a dispersion of Bitumen in an aqueous continuous phase, stabilized by the addition of an emulsifier. Solvent free, non flammable and non toxic. Net Weight of Bitumen: ≈ 12. The bitumen specification used in India at the present time has a 60/70 penetration grade but it was 80/100 and equivalent to an AC-10 viscosity grade until recently. Also find Bitumen Extractor price list | ID: 2849148429048The asphalt expands to about 15 times its volume during the rapid boiling of the water, resulting in foam which is then stabilised using surfactants. of coats. Petro Products India Private Limited. It is the heaviest fraction and the one with the highest. Bitumen waterproofing of the object’s walls, foundation or joints on the roof is a guarantee of durability and long service life. However, the aggregate and bitumen need to be heated during the construction of asphalt pavement in processes such as hot mixing, hot paving, and. Whether you're looking for Bitumen VG10, Bitumen 80/100, 85-25 Grade Blown Bitumen etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. Bitumen is primarily composed of hydrocarbons and possesses excellent adhesive and waterproofing properties. ₹5,499. MC-30 is a type of medium curing cutback bitumen which is suitable for cold regions. DESCRIPTION. In comparison to HMA, cold bituminous. Email: Farhad. Inc. Bitumen Malaysia is engaged in the manufacturing, processing, packing, modifying, upgrading, engineering and exporting of bituminous products on a global scale. Polycoat is an emulsified thixotropic bitumen protective paint. Polycoat Bitumen Emulsion 15 Ltr Brand: Henkel Packing: 20 ltr Pail Add to cart Add to wishlist Add to quote Item Code: 520900100010 Category: Bitumen Coating Description. 80 MT: ≈ 19. Nurpaint (Bitumen paint) is ready for use and should not be thinned. Total Quantity=Total Area×Rate of Spray Total Quantity= Total Area × Rate of Spray. Specific Gravity at 25º C. The kinetics of water loss is higher for group A (Fig. For example, in describing the different forms of bitumen used during this period, Roosen-Runge wrote, ‘One form is bitumen that is equivalent to the modern definition of bitumen, another is bitumen that is a ‘new, as it were, improved bitumen, which dries harder than the usual bitumen,’ and a third is the color collected from. The difference between hot mix and cold mix asphalt is in 2 cases: Type of Bitumen Binder. We are engaged in offering Bituminous Cold Applied Emulsion that offers a wide application in the waterproofing of leaky walls. -. This process involves injecting a foaming agent into hot penetration grade bitumen, resulting in the bitumen expanding 10–15 times its initial volume, which is then sprayed through specially designed nozzles onto, and mixed with, cold moist aggregate (Wirtgen, 1998). 4 L/m2 Primer. 00. 34,762 Ratings & 2,870 Reviews. Specially formulated as water proofing coating and damp proofer for concrete foundations, floors, walls and roofs. 00 ZAR. 20 MT: Drums supplied will be of good workmanship and are sufficiently leak-proof when filled with hot bitumen DIN 1623 ST12 new cold rolled a. Storage Geyser. Frequently bought together. Brand: Henkel Packing: 20 ltr Pail . Resists the attack of salts like chlorides and sulphates that are present in the soil; Easy to apply; Cold appliedAnionic Stable Grade Bitumen Emulsion 60% (SS60) R 3,000. V. All weather Premix Asphalt , Available in 30KG Bags and Staked on Pallets for easy site handling and storage. It is used as a primer coat on masonry and concrete substrates to improve the adhesion of bitumen based membranes and coatings. Its commonly used as a. 325-330. Due to its relatively low air blowing and penetration point, it is used in cold areas. Asphalt Tank Volume: 3000 LTR. Chu, T. Type Of Bitumen: Cutback, Industrial Grade. Coating technology. It is resistant to low concentrations of alkalis and acids and can withstand prolonged oxidation. Contact Supplier Request a quote. Resists the attack of salts like chlorides and sulphates that are present in the soil. Read More. The distillates used for preparation of cutback bitumen are naphtha, kerosene,. 16 Road Work 317. SABS. CC-E1 (Cold Crack Sealer) Primes. Warm, cold, single layer and inverted roof bituminous waterproofing systems are available from SOPREMA as well. Search for:. Liquid Jai Micro Surfacing Emulsions, For Road Construction ₹ 30/ Kilogram. 80/Ltr)In recent years, there has been a growing interest in cold asphalt emulsion mixture (CAEM) due to its numerous advantages, including reduced CO2 emissions, energy savings, and improved safety. Compare. Cold mastics require heating at ambient temperature of 41F. Technical data sheet. It is black in color and is manufactured strictly as per the ASTM D 2027M-13 standard. EU Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC emphasises on prevention, reduction, re-use and recycling of waste [3]. Extremely simple handling allows different parameters, like water. Gripset B26 is a cold applied alternative for crack sealing asphalt and bitumen surfaces. It is Black or Brown in colour and possesses waterproofing & adhesive properties. 15 & 25 Year Life Expectancy Roofing Felt 1m Width. PHONE 0564305251; EMAIL info@tipon. /coat, the dry film thickness achieved will be 125 microns. January 15 Chemical composition of Cold Lake bitumen: M. VG Bitumen specifications cover by Viscosity. Authorized Wholesale Dealer of Bitumen Coal Tar - Coal Tar Bitumen, Anti Corrosive Black Japan Bitumen Paint, Water Based Bitumen Primer offered by Kwality Sales Corporation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. 29050/- per Mt. Foamed Bitumen . The finished film forms a tough barrier to vapor transmission. Tractor mounted cold bitumen sprayer for road construction; Bitumen Pressure Distributor. HURRY!Torchtar Membranes And Bitumen Products Private Limited - Offering Bitumen Paint, Packaging Size: 20 Ltr, 20ltrs at Rs 110/liter in Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh. This paint is capable of forming a protective shield on the walls. ★★★★★ ★★★★★. Color: Black. Manual 15 (Withdrawn) Manual 16 (Withdrawn) Manual 17 Porous asphalt. £1099. Berger Black Bituminous Paint, For Concrete ₹ 120/ Litre Get Latest Price . Description: Gripset 51 from our Gripset Pavement Range is a liquid bitumen rubber membrane, perfect for both underground and external use. It also acts as an adhesion promoter for further coatings. Glossary. Brochure. 1. Get Price. The enhancement of flexible pavements performance by modifying asphalt mixture has been considered valuable. Weight: 15LTR Benefit: Adhere to all kind of surfaces Usage: Ideal for fixing all types of ceramic tile and stone Unit Cost:. It has waterproofing and adhesive properties. Allow primer to dry completely before application of SpEC Bitprufe 115/15. manually controlled 3-flame and 5-flame propane burners. CMS 60 can only be usedwith aggregates containing a limited amount of fines. K. Provides a hard wearing, protective layer on wood, metal and cement. . from $189. K. VG-10 BITUMEN: VG-10 is widely used in spraying applications such as surface-dressing and paving in very cold climate in lieu of old 80/100 Penetration grade. The product is a single component dark brown liquid, when dries, will provide a flexible, resilient coating. High quality and durable roofing materials available for. Cationic slow-setting bitumen emulsion was used in CBEM to provide excellent adhesion between aggregate particles [3]; the emulsion properties are according to the requirement of BS EN 13808 [33]. Improves the bond of bituminous materials. 5ltr 5ltr 25ltr: AFA/101 AFA. On vertical areas, it is recommended to apply the coating in multiple layers in order to avoid sagging of the heavy bodied TDS_Polycoat RBE 15 _GCC_ 0519 Polycoat RBE 15 waterproofing DUBAI GREEN BUILDING REGULATIONS Certi cate No. modified Polymeric memberane over roof consisting of first coat of bitumen primer @ 0. New Cold Rolled Steel. Bitumen 80/100 density is in the range 980 to 1050 kg/m³ at room. Regulatory information. Color: White. Contact Supplier. These create the perfect foundation for the final asphalt layer with reduced thickness. Inc. We are one of the best product for Cold Bitumen. Colour: Black. Founded in the year 1962, Steel - O - Crafts is created a niche in the market. Whether you're looking for Bitumen VG10, Bitumen 80/100, 85-25 Grade Blown Bitumen etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. sika. GRIPSET B26 ASPHALT CRACK FILLER 15 LITRE PAIL. The Wirtgen Cold Recycling Mixing Plant KMA 150 can produce storable cold treated materials of the high-est quality even in cold weather, with foamed bitumen being added as a binding agent: The mobile planton a job site near Lillehammer in Norway. A typical anionic cold mix composition is as follows: 13,2 mm stone – 1 x 25 litres. Nurpaint (Bitumen paint) is ready for use and should not be thinned. 2. Rs 13 / Kilograms. Adheres to concrete, metal, wood, cork, etc. Hot Applied; Cold Applied; Car Park Components. These include a full range of standard grade road maintenance products through to high performance specialised polymer modified products for use in spray sealing, asphalt and for waterproofing applications. 1 Introduction 1 2 Types of Bitumen 2 - 3 3 Introduction to Viscosity Grade 4 4 Properties of Bitumen 5 - 6 5 Advantages of Viscosity Grade 7 - 8 6 Tests for VG Grade Bitumen 9 - 13 7 Aging of Bitumen 14 - 15 8 Field Abnormality 16 - 18 9 Modified Bitumen 19 - 20 10 Health, Safety & Environmental Aspects 21 11 Bitumen. Solvent free, Water based, non flammable and non toxic. Get Connected. Gripset 51 from our Gripset Pavement Range is a liquid bitumen rubber membrane, perfect for both underground and external use. Sika® Bitumen Author: Sika Egypt, 1st Industrial Zone (A), Section #10, Block 13035, El Obour City, Egypt, TEL: +202 44810580, FAX: +202 44810459, egy. Draper 64379 Tarmac Tamper , Blue. Cold processable products: cold bitumen, cold polyurethane; Hot processable products: bitumen; Fuel-resistant products, e. However, there are still scientific and technical obstacles standing against its regular application. Introduction. Specific gravity Solids by volume 37± 2volume%Theoretical 1. Tank-5 Years,Heating Element-2 Years,Product-1 Years. Wholesale Trader of COLD BITUMEN - Fosroc Epoxy Bonding Agent Nitobond EP, Fosroc Nitotile MPA, Fosroc Nitotile GPX and Fosroc Renderoc Plug offered by United Contructive Solutions, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Add to Cart. In the first quarter of 2020, since the start of the pandemic, the bitumen price of the middle east had fallen from $ 350 to $ 165. STP Bituminous Cold Applied Clay Type Emulsion, Black ₹ 110/ Litre(s) Get Latest Price . MOQ : 500 Kilogram; Bitumen : All grades;. The basis of both artificial and natural bitumen is oil. Buy Instant Cold Asphalt, Bitumen repair products, pavement cracks, sealers and more for potholes, driveways, footpaths, carparks, and other pavements. Ltd. sika. Cold recycling asphalt. Water-based And Therefore Is Non-toxic. Pack Size (Kilogram): 1 kg. Address. " It is highly soluble in gasoline, alcohol, organic solvents. We are the largest construction supplies distributor based in Harare and we retail S. STORAGE Store under cover, out of direct sunlight and protect from extreme temperatures. Can be applied in closed or confined spaces. All Weather Roofing Compound Bitumen Waterproof Roof Coating 25 Litre. Medium curing is the most common category in cutback bitumen, among which, MC-30 grade has the highest demand. PROPERTIES. com. tank size). Bitumen penetration grade 80/100. Bonds Chipping's to the final layer of felt. Get Quote. It contains a high proportion of stabilizers. As a high quality Bitumen Rubber membrane, this product can simply be diluted with water on a 1:1 ratio to form a cost effective quality Bitumen Paint for use in areas where a membrane is not required, making this the smart choice as a 2 in 1 product for trade and general applications. VAT £20. Showcasing optimal sealing and adhesion, it also.